CAT Scanner-Formatted Dictionaries

I collect dictionaries, convert them into CAT Scanner format, and post them here. To provide some sense of validity/reliability, I only include dictionaries that are published in manuscripts from peer-reviewed journals with a JCR impact factor of 1.00 or above. However, I do not do further assess validity/reliability, so please make sure to scrutinize each dictionary before use.

None of these measures are owned by ‘CAT Scanner’, they are owned by their creators. I always include the reference information for the originating manuscript in the dictionary itself. If you use one of these measures in your research, please ensure that you cite the originating manuscript and CAT Scanner separately. CAT Scanner for the tool, the originating manuscript for the measure.

Economic and Financially-Oriented Text

Construct	Source	Literature	Dictionary Links
Debt/Equity Focus	Hoberg & Maksimovic (2015)	Accounting & Finance	All Debt Focus Equity Focus
Economic Value Orientation	Moss et al. (2016)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Economic Value Orientation Social Value Orientation - Environmental Social Value Orientation - Social
Financial Constraints	Bodnaruk et al. (2015)	Accounting & Finance	Financial Constraints
Financial Words	Matsumoto et al. (2011)	Accounting & Finance	All Financially-Oriented Words Forward-Looking Words
Risk Disclosure	Kravet & Muslu (2013)	Accounting & Finance	Risk Disclosure* *Special note regarding usage in dictionary file

Ethics, Morals, and Values-Oriented Text

Construct	Source	Literature	Dictionary Links
Forest Values	Xu & Bengston (1997)	Environmental Science	All Aesthetic Life Support Moral/Spiritual Utilitarian/Economic
Moral Appeals	Wheeler & Laham (2016)	Psychology & Social Psychology	All Consequentialism Deontology Moral Emotions: All Moral Emotions: General Moral Emotions: Anger Moral Emotions: Compassion Moral Emotions: Contempt Moral Emotions: Disgust Moral Emotions: Elevation Moral Emotions: Embarrassment Moral Emotions: Gratitude Moral Emotions: Guilt Moral Emotions: Shame
Moral Foundations	Graham et al. (2009)	Psychology & Social Psychology	All Authority Fairness Harm Ingroup Purity
Organizational Virtue Orientation	Payne et al. (2011)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Conscientiousness Courage Empathy Integrity Warmth Zeal
Personal Values	Neiman et al. (2016)	Political Psychology	All Achievement Benevolence Conformity Hedonism Power Security Self-Direction Stimulation Tradition Universalism
Personal Values	Jones et al. (2018)	Political Psychology	All Achievement Benevolence Conformity Hedonism Power Security Self-Direction Stimulation Tradition Universalism
Sustainability Orientation	Vaupel et al. (2022)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Addition Environmental Social

Strategic, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation-Oriented Text

Construct	Source	Literature	Dictionary Links
Ambidexterity	Uotila et al. (2009)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Exploitation Exploration
Ambidexterity	Moss et al. (2014)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Exploitation Exploration
Ambidexterity	McKenny et al. (2018)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Exploitation Exploration
Creativity (Cookbooks)	Deichmann & Baer (2023)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Conventionality Novelty
Creativity-Speak	Haselhuhn et al. (2022)	Management & Entrepreneurship	Creativity-Speak
Nonconformity	Hubbard et al. (2018)	Management & Entrepreneurship	Nonconformity
Digital Orientation	Kindermann et al. (2020)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Architecture Configuration Capabilities Ecosystem Coordination Technology Scope
Entrepreneurial Orientation	Short et al. (2010)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Autonomy Competitive Aggressiveness Innovativeness Proactiveness Risk Taking Inductive
Entrepreneurial Orientation	McKenny, Aguinis, et al. (2018)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Autonomy Competitive Aggressiveness Innovativeness Proactiveness Risk Taking Inductive
Entrepreneurial Orientation (High Tech Industries)	McKenny, Short, et al. (2018)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Autonomy Competitive Aggressiveness Innovativeness Proactiveness Risk Taking
Investment Motivation (Corporate Venture Capital)	Hoberg & Maksimovic (2015)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Strategic Financial* * Compatibility note in dictionary.
Management Innovation	Heyden et al. (2018)* *Note regarding source in dictionaries	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Change Practices Processes Structures
Market Orientation	Zachary et al. (2011)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Competitor Orientation Customer Orientation Interfunctional Coordination Long-Term Focus Profitability
Market Orientation	McKenny et al. (2018)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Competitor Orientation Customer Orientation Interfunctional Coordination Long-Term Focus Profitability
Nonconformity	Hubbard et al. (2018)	Management & Entrepreneurship	Nonconformity
Top Management Team Attention	Levy (2005)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Board of Directors Competitors* Customer:General* Customer:Computer* Customer:Healthcare* Customer:Semiconductor* Dealers* Employees Foreign Operations: General* Foreign Operations: Africa Foreign Operations: Asia/Pacific Foreign Operations: Europe Foreign Operations: Latin America* Foreign Operations: Middle East Foreign Operations: North America Owners Strategic Partners* Top Management* * Compatibility note in dictionary.

Positive and Negative Emotion, Tone, and Psychological Text

Construct	Source	Literature	Dictionary Links
Absolutist Language	Al-Mosaiwi & Johnstone (2018)	Psychology	Absolutist Language
Big Two	Pietraszkiewicz et al. (2019)	Psychology & Social Psychology	All Agency Communion* * Compatibility note in dictionary
Gratitude	Locklear, Taylor, & Ambrose (In Press)	Management & Entrepreneurship	Gratitude Expressions
Moral Emotions	Wheeler & Laham (2016)	Psychology & Social Psychology	All Consequentialism Deontology Moral Emotions: All Moral Emotions: General Moral Emotions: Anger Moral Emotions: Compassion Moral Emotions: Contempt Moral Emotions: Disgust Moral Emotions: Elevation Moral Emotions: Embarrassment Moral Emotions: Gratitude Moral Emotions: Guilt Moral Emotions: Shame
Narcissism	Anglin et al. (2018)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Authority Entitlement Exhibitionism Exploitativeness Self Sufficiency Superiority Vanity
Organizational Psychological Capital	McKenny et al. (2013)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Confidence Hope Optimism Resilience
Tone	Abrahamson & Park (1994)	Management & Entrepreneurship	Negative
Tone	Henry (2008)	Business Communication	All Negativity Positivity

Time and Temporally-Oriented Text

Construct	Source	Literature	Dictionary Links
Forward-Looking Words	Matsumoto et al. (2011)	Accounting & Finance	All Financially-Oriented Words Forward-Looking Words
Long Term Orientation	Brigham et al. (2014)* *Note regarding source in dictionary	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Continuity Futurity Perseverance
Organizational Time Horizon	Brochet et al. (2015)	Accounting & Finance	All Neutral Short Term Long Term
Organizational Time Horizon	DesJardine & Bansal (2019)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Short Term Long Term

Psychological Motivations in Text

Construct	Source	Literature	Dictionary Links
Motivated Social Cognition	Neiman et al. (2016)	Political Psychology	All Endorsement of Inequality Resistance to Change Threat Uncertainty Avoidance
Parenting Styles Model	Neiman et al. (2016)	Political Psychology	All Empathy/Openness Nurturant/Caregiving Rules and Enforcement Self Discipline
Regulatory Focus	Gamache et al. (2014)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Prevention Focus Promotion Focus
Regulatory Mode	Kanze et al. (In Press)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Locomotion Assessment

Environmental, Social, and Stakeholder-Oriented Text

Construct	Source	Literature	Dictionary Links
Corporate Social Responsibility	Pencle & Mălăescu (2016)	Accounting & Finance	All Employee Environment Human Rights Social and Community
Integrated Thinking	Dimes et al. (2023)	Accounting & Finance	All Board Strategy Culture Integrated Intelligence
Social Value Orientation	Moss et al. (2016)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Economic Value Orientation Social Value Orientation - Environmental Social Value Orientation - Social
Strategic Social Value Orientation	de la Cruz Jara et al. (2024)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Leading with Purpose Support of Stakeholders Focus on Consequences Mutuality
Task Environment	Olsen et al. (2016)	Management & Entrepreneurship	Stakeholder

Human Resources Text

Construct	Source	Literature	Dictionary Links
Recruiting Signals	Banks et al. (2019)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Achievement-Oriented Culture Creative Culture Development-Early Development Inclusive-Military Inclusiveness Corporate Social Responsibility Team-Based Culture Values-Based Culture Well-Being
Training Feedback	Glerum et al. (In Press)	Management & Entrepreneurship	All Satisfaction Utility

These dictionaries are provided for free for non-commercial use only. The CAT Scanner tool may be used for commercial use with proper attribution, but individual dictionaries may require a separate license – please contact the dictionary creators for details.

Please feel free to:

Convert these dictionaries to other tools’ formats (e.g., LIWC, Diction) if you would like to use these in another tool.
Ask me to remove a dictionary you created or own.
Submit a dictionary you found or created and would like to share. A couple notes:
- I welcome revisions of existing dictionaries (e.g., if you improve the measurement characteristics of existing dictionaries or adapt them to measurement in new contexts).
- I would appreciate if you would submit the dictionaries to me in CAT Scanner format with the reference information included.
- Providing reliability and validity statistics – where available – would be helpful.
- It would also be helpful if you would give me a sense for how the dictionary should be categorized in the above hierarchy, so I do not accidentally put it in the wrong place.
- I will only post dictionaries that are published in a peer-reviewed journal with an impact factor of 1.00 or higher – ‘accepted’, but not yet ‘in print’ is fine.
- I will only post dictionaries for which the authors require only proper attribution (no charging non-commercial users for using your measure)
- I will not post proprietary dictionaries from other software packages unless the software owner has explicitly agreed to it (e.g., I will not post the LIWC-proprietary word lists)

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